SENTENCE OUTLINE

PROSTATE CANCER

I.Definition

Several types of cells are found in the prostate, but over 99% of prostate cancers develop from the gland cells. Gland cells make the prostate fluid that is added to the semen. The medical term for a cancer that starts in gland cells is adenocarcinoma.

A.Staging
if the biopsy finds cancer, more tests may be done to see whether the cancer has spread and if so, how far. This process is called staging. Staging is very important because your treatment and the outlook for your recovery depend on the stage of your cancer.

1.1.Survival rates

The National Cancer Institute (NCI) keeps a database of survival statistics for different types of cancer. This database does not group prostate cancers by AJCC stage, but instead groups cancers into local, regional, and distant stages.

5-year relative survival by stage at the time the cancer is found

• local 100%
• regional 100%
• distant 31%

1.2.surgery

Good candidates for surgery to treat prostate cancer have one or more of the following characteristics:

• Good health
• No spread of cancer to bone
• Tumor confined to the prostate gland (stage T1 and T2)
• Under the age of 70
• Expected to live another 10 years or longer

Depending on the extent of the disease, there are several surgical options for prostate cancer.

II.Signs and Symptoms

• Blood in the urine or semen
• Frequent urination, especially at night
• Inability to urinate
• Nagging pain or stiffness in the back, hips, upper thighs, or pelvis
• Painful ejaculation
• Pain or burning during urination (dysuria)
• Weak or interrupted urinary flow

III.Diagnosis

. Several tests are used to diagnose prostate cancer.
Digital rectal examination (DRE)
Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)
PSA and PAP Tests
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
Free and total PSA (also known as PSA II)
Age-specific PSA

IV.PREVENTION
The exact cause of prostate cancer is not known, so it is not possible to prevent most cases of the disease. But based on what we do know, some cases might be prevented.

A.Treatment
Consider the following factors:

• your age and how long you can expect to live
• any other serious health problems you may have
• the stage and grade of your cancer
• your feelings (and your doctor's opinion) about the need to treat the cancer
• the chance that each type of treatment will cure your cancer (or help you on some other way)
• your feelings about the side effects common with each treatment

V.Incidence and prevailance

According to the American Cancer Society (ACS), prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in men in the United States, other than skin cancer. The ACS estimates that about 218,890 new cases will be diagnosed in 2007 and about 27,050 men will die of the disease. Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in men, exceeded only by lung cancer.

VI.SUMMARY
Adenocarcinoma of the prostate is the clinical term for a cancerous tumor on the prostate gland. As prostate cancer grows, it may spread to the interior of the gland, to tissues near the prostate, to sac-like structures attached to the prostate (seminal vesicles), and to distant parts of the body (e.g., bones, liver, lungs). Prostate cancer confined to the gland often is treated successfully.Most of the time, prostate cancer grows slowly. Autopsy studies show that many older men (and even younger men) who died of other diseases also had prostate cancer that never caused a problem during their lives. These studies showed that as many as 7 to 9 out of 10 men had prostate cancer by age 80. But neither they nor their doctors even knew they had it.